abraham's descendants

The following explains the family relationship between the Jews and the Arabs that started about BC 1890 in Ur, Iraq, with Terah, the father of Abraham.

The tribes of Mecca were the descendants of Ishmael, Abraham's son by Hagar, and from one of these tribes came Mohammed, the founder of Islam.

The twelve tribes of Israel were the descendants of Isaac, Abraham's son by Sarah, and from Judah -- one of the two remaining of the twelve tribes -- came Jesus, the founder of Christianity.

Isaac married Rebecca; their son Jacob (Israel) married Rachel, Leah and others.

From Jacob (Israel)  and his wives came the the twelve tribes, of which only Judah and Simeon are known,

The ten lost tribes of Isreal are Joseph, Ephraim, Gad, Reuben, Dan, Benjamin, Naphtali, Zebulum, Asher, Issachsor, Manassah.

jews and moslems are family!

In that both Jews and Moslems acknowledge Abraham as their founding ancestor, they are essentially of the same Semitic family and inherited not only Abraham's belief in one God but also the Covenant he made with Him.

Abraham's year of birth is unknown, but is likely to be around 1860 BC. What we do know about Abraham is that he was born in Ur, southern Iraq - during the Sumeric civilization (3500-1700 BC), from which the Babylonian civilization emerged (1500-538 BC) - and was the son of Terah, a wealthy trader in religious idols.

At an early age, Abraham developed a belief in one God - a belief that was totally alien to his times - and he also had a bad temper. Both his 'strange' belief, his visions and his erratic temper were probably indicative of a mental disorder, and he was therefore lucky to have a loving family to protect him.

When Abraham became so intolerant of the polytheistic idols in his father's shop that he smashes them in a fit of anger, he raised the wrath of the king who tries to have Abraham burned alive for his disbelief in idolatry.

Abraham's father, Terah, protects his son by quickly moving the whole family - including his nephew, Lot, and Sarah, Abraham's wife - to Haran in Canaan.

In Haran, about ten years later, Abraham is commanded by his God to leave his father's house and is promised that his descendants will be numerous. He then travels to Egypt and back, settles in Hebron, grows rich and distinguishes himself as a warrior king - but for all this time he failed to father any children.

Childless in his old age, and feeling a wretch of a man because of it, Abraham has many visions and conversations with God and finally has a dream where God appears as a smoking torch and commands him to inscribe in blood the sign of the Covenant on his body. The thought of an old man circumcising himself - without anesthetic or surgical instruments - is frightening; but such was Abraham's belief that in doing so, God's promise about many descendants would come to pass.

The custom of circumcision, then, originated with this Covenant - this plea bargain with God that Abraham made in order to father children.

In pity at her husband's despair, and what he had done to himself, Sarah offers her Egyptian slave, Hagar, to Abraham for sex - in the hope that a child would ensue. In c.1800 BC, when Abraham was about 60, a son, Ishmael, was born to Abraham and Hagar at Hebron.

Four years later, c.1796 BC, Sarah herself gave birth to the second son of Abraham, Isaac. The Bible states Sarah's age - like Abraham's - as quite ancient; but common sense dictates that in 1796 BC she was at most 50 and Abraham about 64.

Abraham was then 'commanded by God' to take his favorite son to Mt Moriah for sacrifice. Actually, the practice of sacrificing children was common at the time and what Abraham was doing was following a pagan custom.

The Moslems say that Abraham took Ishmael, but the Jews insist it was Isaac, but whichever boy it was, the sacrifice was stayed by God. The Bible claims that God was testing Abraham's faith, but common sense dictates that the poor old man couldn't bear to part with a son he had waited so long for.

Actually, it is more likely that Abraham chose his firstborn, Ishmael, for the aborted sacrifice because shortly afterwards a jealous Sarah had Hagar and Ishmael banished.

Ishmael and his slave mother, Hagar, settled in Mecca where Abraham often visited to see his firstborn son. Hagar believed that Ishmael would sire a great nation through 12 sons - the 12 Arab tribes; but the Jews believe that the Covenant only flowed through Isaac and Sarah's lineage.

The Moslems claim that Ishmael was circumcised - took the blood Covenant - and therefore disenfranchised the Jews. Furthermore, the Moslems claim that God chooses his people on commitment and surrender - not lineage - and that by worshipping the golden calf in the Exodus from Egypt, the Jews proved themselves unworthy of being the Chosen People.

Mohammed, born 570 AD, the founder of Islam (670 AD), claims to have descended from Ishmael; and Judah, born c.1740 BC, the founder of Judaism (c. 1700 BC), claims to have descended from Isaac through Jacob. Jacob, who changed his name to Israel, was the founder of the nation of Israel and was Isaac and Rebecca's second son. With his two wives and two concubines Jacob fathered 12 sons who, in turn, fathered the 12 tribes of Israel.

In that part of the world in ancient times - and in some parts, even today - it was the custom for rich men to have many wives and even more concubines and scores if not hundreds of children. Furthermore, in that these were wandering tribes - traveling all over the Middle Eastern lands - their wives and concubines were from all lands, and their children were thus of mixed race.

Joseph, for instance, was the son of Jacob's 2nd wife, Rachel, and because he was Jacob's favorite he was sold to slave traders by the 6 jealous sons of the 1st wife, Leah, and ended up in Egypt where he gained fame as a dream-reader and became the Pharaoh's 2nd in command. When famine hit Israel, the 6 jealous half-brothers begged for help from Joseph, and he magnanimously forgave them and allowed the Israelites safe passage to Egypt.

When Seti became King of Egypt in 1304 BC - 43 years after Tutankhamen, 73 years after Akhenaton - he feared the Israelites were outnumbering the Egyptians and ordered all newborn male Israelites to be thrown into the Nile. One child, Moses, was saved and raised by the Pharaoh's daughter, but when Moses grows up and kills an Egyptian for mistreating the Israelites, he flees Egypt but returns when God tells him to lead the Children of Israel out of Egypt. The Pharaoh, Seti's son Rameses II (1290BC - 1224 BC), refuses to free the Israelites, God sends 10 plagues, including the death of every first born Egyptian, including the Pharaoh's, and finally he lets them go, showering them with golden gifts, but changes his mind, goes after Moses, and God saves the Israelites by 'parting' the Red Sea for them to pass through safely.

In that the ancient Israelites spent time in Egypt and lands now known as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Saudi Arabia - and freely intermarried or bred with the local people - the likelihood of everyone in the Middle East being closely related to the Jews is significantly higher than it is elsewhere.

The Moslems and the Jews are indeed not only of the same race but also of the same ancestral families, and as such there is as much bad blood between them now as there was between the families of the Patriarchs.

how much do religions borrow from each other?

It is no coincidence that the basics of Judaism - and through it both Christianity and Islam - derive from Sumeric literature as well as its legal and moral codes.

Judah, born c.1740 BC (the son of Jacob, grandson of Isaac and great-grandson of Abraham), was the founder of Judaism and lived during the times of Hammurabi (the great king of Babylon in the civilization of Sumer situated in modern Iraq).

Abraham was born c. 1860 BC in Ur, in southern Iraq, to a wealthy family who had lived in that area for generations. The family was forced to flee to Haran in Canaan when Abraham aroused the king's wrath - but through the generations, the family of Abraham never lost touch with its homeland.

When the Hammurabi Code was proclaimed by the king of Babylon, Hammurabi, in 1750 BC, Judah was about 10 years old and he - and his father Jacob - cannot have been ignorant of it, or any of the many Sumeric codes of law that date back to c. 2250 BC under king Ur-Nammu.

The Hammurabi Code of 1750 BC (inscribed on a black stone pillar which is now located in the Louvre, Paris) is the best preserved and the most extensive of the Sumeric codes. It contains close to 300 laws - covering everything imaginable from military matters to minute personal matters - all of which, of course, are commanded by the gods, in this case the sun-god Shamash, and carry terrible punishments for non-compliance. Hammurabi collected the laws from Babylon's past rulers which, according to the Bible, started with Nimrod - the great-grandson of Noah of the Flood.

Substitute the many gods of the Sumerian civilization with the one God of the Israelites, Christians and Moslems, and there is a basic similarity between the Hammurabi Code and the Old Testament, Torah and Koran.

Furthermore, the story of Adam and Eve of Eden - depicted in Judaic-Christian literature - is influenced directly by the story of Enki and Ninhursag of Dimun in Sumeric literature. The biblical deluge story of Noah is also influenced by the story of Ziusudra in Sumeric literature; and the magnificent Sumeric epic of Gilgamesh and Enkidu - a homosexual love story - underlies a great deal of what the developing religions were all about.

The ideas of heaven and hell, resurrection, an 'eye for an eye' and taking care of widows and orphans - matters that concerned the later Prophets - all came from the Sumerian civilization. The Sumeric word for hell is Kur, meaning a 'foreign land', and considering that Sumer was protected from menacing neighbors by mountains and a river, it is easy to see how hell came to be related to crossing a river and meeting a terrible fate.

Basically, Judaism took everything it wanted from the Sumeric literature and laws and left the rest; Christianity took everything it wanted from Judaic literature and laws and left the rest; Islam took everything it wanted from Judaism, Christianity and the eastern religions and left the rest; and that is why - despite the unique features they added - they have so many similarities.

Furthermore, since the earliest known evidence of deity worship was a shrine found in northern Spain, in the El Juyu cave, c. 12,000 BC - 8,500 years before the commencement in c. 3,500 BC of the Sumerian civilization - who is to say how much of their religious rites, laws and creation stories the Sumerians borrowed from the European tribes migrating to warmer southern lands after the Ice Age ended?

Between the final recession of the Ice Age in 12,000 BC and establishment of the first civilization - the Egyptiac in c. 4000 BC - vast trade and migration routes had been opened up, and with the European migrants and traders came ideas that were far in advance of anything known elsewhere.

Before writing, which the Sumerians invented, everything was necessarily passed on from generation to generation orally - usually in the form of stories to make them easier to remember; and there is plenty of evidence, too, that early art forms are attempts to convey the culture and laws of those who drew them - either as adjuncts to the stories or as stand-alone truths.