greek resurgence from 800 BC

Following the fall of the Mycenaean civilization, Greece went through a period of Dark Ages in which literacy had been lost and the Mycenaean script forgotten. Adopting the Phoenician alphabet, and modifying it to create the Greek alphabet, written records begin to appear from about 800 BC -- it was in this period that Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey -- but the most dramatic effect of Greek resurgence was population growth and a long period of colonial migration and expansion guaranteeing that Greek blood flows through many of us today.

Because every island, valley and plain was cut off from its neighbors by the sea or mountain ranges, Greece was geographically divided into many small self-governing communities which had limited arable land.

Soon, populations in Greek cities grew beyond their capacity to feed and house everybody, so from about 750 BC the Greeks began settling colonies in all directions and would continue doing so for another 250 years.

To the east, the Aegean coast of Asia Minor was colonized first, followed by Cyprus and the coasts of Thrace, the Sea of Marmara and the south coast of the Black Sea. Eventually Greek colonization reached as far north-east as present day Ukraine.

To the west the coasts of Illyria, Sicily and southern Italy were settled, followed by the south coast of France, Corsica, and even northeastern Spain.

Greek colonies were also founded in Egypt and Libya.

Syracuse, Naples, Marseilles and Istanbul all had their beginnings as colonies as did Syracuse, Neapolis, Massalia and Byzantion.

Greek colonies were not politically controlled by their founding cities, although they often retained religious and commercial links with them. The Greeks both at home and abroad organized themselves into independent communities, and the city (polis) became the basic unit of Greek government. By 776 BC, the first Olympic Games were held at Olympia, and many colonial Greeks would have attended.

Because the city of Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus -- the first of Rome's seven kings who ruled from 753-715 BC -- there is speculation about it being a Greek colony.

Rome itself was situated in an area inhabited by Greek migrants -- the Latin tribe, the most organized and cohesive in terms of pride in their Greek heritage -- but it's name is of Etruscan (Turkish) origin and so is its siting and building.

Not only was Rome founded on a hill in accordance with the Etruscan custom of building settlements on a hill -- the steeper the better -- but it was also built according to the Etruscan ritual of beginning with a sacred ditch before proceeding to the walls.

Actually, Romulus was the leader of established migrant tribes from Asia Minor called the Etrusci, Tusci, Tyrrheni, or Tyrseni by the other populations of Italy. The original home of the Etruscans was in Lydia (Turkey), and it was continuing famine that caused them to migrate.

Legend has it that the king divided all the Lydians into two groups and drew lots to decide which should stay and which should emigrate. His son, Tyrrhenus -- after whom the sea was named -- led those who left. Taking all their possessions , including cattle, they sailed away to seek a new life elsewhere. They saw many lands before they came to Umbria in Italy -- found it either uninhabited or inhabited with friendly natives -- and decided to settle there.

Etruscan cattle are not indigenous to Italy -- or Europe as a whole -- and their similarity to cattle typically found in Turkey means that the Etruscans, too, originally came from that part of the world.

Actually, only the Ligurians (of Genoa, Corsica and Sardinia) and the Sicilians of Sicily appear to be native to Italy. Most others were migrants from Illyria (Yugoslavia), Greece or Syria who had migrated to Italy before the Greek resurgence and the state initiated settlement of colonies from 750 BC onwards.

Going back further in history, however, even the Ligurians, Sicilians, Illyrians, Syrians and Etruscans may have originally came from Greece; and going back even further, we all came from Africa!

what was the first civilization?

Evolving spontaneously in the cradle of the Lower Nile sometime around 4000 BC, the Egyptiac civilization of northeast Africa has been recognized as the first civilization, preceding the Sumeric or Sumerian civilization of present day Iraq by about 500 years. Unlike the Sumeric civilization which collapsed c.1700 BC, the Egyptiac civilization lasted for 43 centuries and finally collapsed in 280 AD.

It was the first, the longest running, the most colorful and the most recognizable civilization in terms of monuments and artifacts still existing and still amazing us today.

Egypt was the natural end of the journey for all Africans emigrating from the equatorial rainforest, but it took around 496,000 years - from the earliest fossil remains of man found in northern Africa dated 500,000 BC - for the Egyptiac civilization to develop in 4000 BC (when the world population was c. 120m).

Bearing in mind Egypt's location - providing an easy nexus between the Mediterranean seafaring traders and the hordes of Africans migrating north to find food, just like they do today - it is hardly surprising that the Egyptiac Civilization developed from a thriving slave trade.

But which race founded it?

The last dynasty of the Egyptian rulers - the Ptolemies - were of white Macedonian (Greek) descent, and at some stage before that the rulers were black Nubians, but in the beginning - from depictions of early Egyptian life - its ruling classes appear to be predominantly fair skinned. So, while there is no doubt that we all originally developed from the black descendants of the first migrants out of Equatorial Africa, the first civilization in Egypt was more likely to have been founded by the descendants of those migrants who had traveled furthest - to Europe - where isolation in a cold climate had caused them to evolve very differently from their African ancestors.

In view of the fact that no other place in Africa had developed any sort of civilized life, it seems likely that it was the Mediterranean seafaring people who settled in Egypt - via reverse migration - who initially established the Egyptiac civilization. Breeding with the Africans, these people developed the characteristic Middle Eastern appearance that we see today.

In respect of slavery, the Egyptiac Civilization started a trend that continued throughout all subsequent civilizations - including modern Western Civilization - which begs the question: without slaves, is there civilization?